Thursday 30 October 2014

How Your Cat Is Making You Crazy - Kathleen McAuliffe - The Atlantic

How Your Cat Is Making You Crazy - Kathleen McAuliffe - The Atlantic:



Jaroslav Flegr is no kook. And yet, for years, he suspected his mind had been taken over by parasites that had invaded his brain. So the prolific biologist took his science-fiction hunch into the lab. What he’s now discovering will startle you. Could tiny organisms carried by house cats be creeping into our brains, causing everything from car wrecks to schizophrenia?
Michal Novotný
NO ONE WOULD accuse Jaroslav Flegr of being a conformist. A self-described “sloppy dresser,” the 53-year-old Czech scientist has the contemplative air of someone habitually lost in thought, and his still-youthful, square-jawed face is framed by frizzy red hair that encircles his head like a ring of fire.
Certainly Flegr’s thinking is jarringly unconventional. Starting in the early 1990s, he began to suspect that a single-celled parasite in the protozoan family was subtly manipulating his personality, causing him to behave in strange, often self-destructive ways. And if it was messing with his mind, he reasoned, it was probably doing the same to others.

The parasite, which is excreted by cats in their feces, is called Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii or Toxo for short) and is the microbe that causes toxoplasmosis—the reason pregnant women are told to avoid cats’ litter boxes. Since the 1920s, doctors have recognized that a woman who becomes infected during pregnancy can transmit the disease to the fetus, in some cases resulting in severe brain damage or death. T. gondii is also a major threat to people with weakened immunity: in the early days of the AIDS epidemic, before good antiretroviral drugs were developed, it was to blame for the dementia that afflicted many patients at the disease’s end stage. Healthy children and adults, however, usually experience nothing worse than brief flu-like symptoms before quickly fighting off the protozoan, which thereafter lies dormant inside brain cells—or at least that’s the standard medical wisdom.

Parasite-schizophrenia connection: One-fifth of schizophrenia cases may involve the parasite T. gondii -- ScienceDaily

Parasite-schizophrenia connection: One-fifth of schizophrenia cases may involve the parasite T. gondii -- ScienceDaily:





Date:
October 29, 2014
Source:
University of Pennsylvania
Summary:
Many factors, both genetic and environmental, have been blamed for increasing the risk of a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Some, such as a family history of schizophrenia, are widely accepted. Others, such as infection with Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite transmitted by soil, undercooked meat and cat feces, are still viewed with skepticism. A new study used epidemiological modeling methods to determine the proportion of schizophrenia cases that may be attributable to T. gondii infection. The work suggests that about one-fifth of cases may involve the parasite.

The parasite T. gondii has been shown to alter behavior in rodents. Smith's study supports a link to schizophrenia in humans.
Credit: Image courtesy of University of Pennsylvania
Many factors, both genetic and environmental, have been blamed for increasing the risk of a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Some, such as a family history of schizophrenia, are widely accepted. Others, such as infection with Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite transmitted by soil, undercooked meat and cat feces, are still viewed with skepticism.
A new study by Gary Smith, professor of population biology and epidemiology at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Veterinary Medicine, used epidemiological modeling methods to determine the proportion of schizophrenia cases that may be attributable to T. gondii infection. The work, published in the journal Preventive Veterinary Medicine, suggests that about one-fifth of cases may involve the parasite.
"Infection with Toxoplasma is very common, so, even if only a small percentage of people suffer adverse consequences, we could be talking about problems that affect thousands and thousands of people," Smith said.
In the United States, just over a fifth of the population is infected with T. gondii. The vast majority aren't aware of it. But there are some populations that need to be concerned. For example, if a woman becomes infected for the first time during pregnancy, her fetus can die or suffer serious developmental problems. People with HIV or other diseases that weaken the immune system are susceptible to a complication of T. gondii infection called toxoplasmic encephalitis, which can be deadly.
Though the medical community has long believed that most healthy people suffer no adverse effects from a T. gondii infection, recent studies have found evidence of worrisome impacts, including an association with schizophrenia because the parasite is found in in the brain as well as in muscles. Other work has shown that some antipsychotic drugs can stop the parasite from reproducing. In addition, field and laboratory studies in mice, rats and people have shown that infection with T. gondiitriggers changes in behavior and personality.
To further investigate this connection, Smith sought to calculate the population attributable fraction, or PAF, a metric epidemiologists use to determine how important a risk factor might be. In this case, Smith explained that the PAF is "the proportion of schizophrenia diagnoses that would not occur in a population if T. gondii infections were not present."
The usual method of calculating the PAF was not well suited to examining the link between schizophrenia and T. gondii, because some of the variables are constantly in flux. For example, the proportion of people infected by T. gondii increases with age. Using a standard epidemiological modeling format, but taking into account all of the age-related changes in the relevant factors, Smith found the average PAF during an average lifetime to be 21.4 percent.
"In other words, we ask, if you could stop infections with this parasite, how many cases could you prevent?" Smith said. "Over a lifetime, we found that you could prevent one-fifth of all cases. That, to me, is significant."
Smith noted that in some countries, the prevalence of T. gondii infection is much higher than in the U.S., and these countries also have a higher incidence of schizophrenia.
People with schizophrenia have greatly reduced life expectancies, and many are unable to work. Family members may also leave the workforce to care for relatives with the disease. For these reasons and others, schizophrenia acts as a large drain on the economy, responsible for $50 to $60 billion in health-care expenditures in the U.S. each year.
"By finding out how important a factor T. gondii infection is, this work might inform our attitude to researching the subject," Smith said. "Instead of ridiculing the idea of a connection between T. gondii and schizophrenia because it seems so extraordinary, we can sit down and consider the evidence. Perhaps then we might be persuaded to look for more ways to reduce the number of people infected with Toxoplasma."
The study was supported by the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.

Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by University of PennsylvaniaNote: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:
  1. Gary Smith. Estimating the population attributable fraction for schizophrenia when Toxoplasma gondii is assumed absent in human populations.Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2014; DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.10.009

Cite This Page:
University of Pennsylvania. "Parasite-schizophrenia connection: One-fifth of schizophrenia cases may involve the parasite T. gondii." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 October 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141029133448.htm>.

Tuesday 28 October 2014

You Are Not A Machine. You Are Not Alone. | Smashing Magazine

You Are Not A Machine. You Are Not Alone. | Smashing Magazine
October 27th, 2014
I realized that I was not a machine able to work 24/7. I realized I had times of insane productivity and then periods where I needed to rest; that I could not expect to churn out high quality work without stepping away from time to time. 

Many of us struggle silently with mental health problems and many more are affected by them, either directly or indirectly. {Geek} Mental Help Week starts today and we would like to help raise awareness with a couple of articles exploring these issues. – Ed.

It was pouring with rain and I found myself driving. I didn’t know
where I was going. I just needed out of the house. I needed to escape.
After what felt like an age I found myself parked outside my parents’
house, just staring at their front door. Eventually I got out of the
car, rang the doorbell and burst into tears the moment my mum answered.

Me, a grown man. A respected figure in my field. A success. Standing
on the doorstep of my parents’ house, crying to my mum like a small
child. This was the breaking point for me, the minute I
finally realized I had depression. In fact I’d been depressed for over a
decade. Burnt out. Used up with nothing left to give.

It had started back in the late nineties when I took a job with a dot
com. I had a boss who was a bully, plain and simple. He shouted, he
threatened, he manipulated. I stood up to him, but it drained me. Every
day was a battle.

Monday 20 October 2014

Are Zit-Squeezing Videos the New Porn? | VICE United States

Are Zit-Squeezing Videos the New Porn? | VICE United States:



By Sophie Wilkinson 
A still from one of Dr. Vikram Yadav's (a.k.a.. "The King of Blackheads") many extraction videos on YouTube
The devil makes work for idle thumbs. And fingernails, specially made wands, scalpels, scissors, or whatever appliance you deem fit for extricating excess gunk from your body.
We all do it. Whether it's a swift squeeze of the blackheads on the side of your nose, a wiry hair that's managed to loop back into itself in your bikini line, or a ready-to-burst whitehead, our bodies are endlessly purge-able. Now, though, such self-maintenance doesn't just happen in the comfort of our own bathroom mirrors. Instead, there are millions of us uploading these moments to YouTube for curious viewers to watch. One video, titled "Best Pimple Pop Ever," has more than 22 million views. That's a lot of pus junkies. 
And it's not just a stomping ground for amateurs (though entire families screaming while mom forces decades-old sebum out of dad's back are a site to behold). There's also a community of medical professionals turning the camera on their extractions. Dr. Vikram Yadav, whom any extraction connoisseur will already be on a first-name basis with, is a main offender. The dermatologist—affectionately known as "the King of Blackheads"—boasts 168 million views on his videos, which largely consist of extreme close-usp of blackhead extractions from the noses of old Indian men. His most popular, "Black & White Heads on Nose Part 3," has 18 million views. The man is a celebrity. 
Not all of these new YouTube celebs are pus lords like Dr. Yadav, though. There's also Nick Chitty, a kindly-looking, mustachioed audiologist based in Wiltshire, England. He inserts cameras into the ears of his patients, along with a "trusty Jobson-Horne"—otherwise known as an ear curette—to hack away at the plugs of wax attached to their aural canals. You might be retching reading this, but his 3.5 million views suggest many find earwax removal pretty fucking sexy. One and a half million of those are for his magnum opus, "Ear wax removal Unbelievable what comes out," where he used the tiny metal instrument to unwed an unholy lump of amber bedded in an old man's ear. Chitty isn't just doing it for himself any more, either—his army of fans demand regular updates. 
"I have to upload videos regularly—otherwise I get angry messages from people saying they want more," he says. "They tell me I'm not uploading fast enough."
If that sounds like the kind of behavior you'd expect from someone watching a live webcam show, their pants around their ankles, that's because it kind of is. "Sometimes the video requests get sexual," Chitty says solemnly. Some viewers' obsessions breach reasonable borders, though. He tells me about one who copied him and got the tip of a cotton bud stuck in her ear. What did she do? Drove two hours to get him to remove it, of course. 
Cotton buds: the things most of us use to sort our ears out. Image via Wikimedia Commons
We all love picking at ourselves. Our bodies are—despite our clever, complex brains that make us brilliant and capable—just bags of assorted viscera. Underneath our skin (or even on the skin itself), we are all disgusting. And you can bet the most prudish—the people who will be reading this saying, "This is absolutely foul"—are the ones who spend hours hunched over, drawing out stubborn ingrown pubic hairs as if their lives depended on it. We're monkeys. We love to groom. But why the hell do such huge swaths of the population love watching other people push junk out of their bodies? 
Writer Sali Hughes, who has just released Pretty Honest, a straight-talking book of relatable beauty situations, hasn't watched any of the videos but understands why people would. "Squeezing spots and blackheads is massively satisfying as both a participant and, if you're anything like me, a spectator. I'm not at all surprised people watch spot squeezing on YouTube, because decent extractions just don't happen often enough in real life to keep a junkie high—though I can recommend splinter extraction for a similar buzz," she says. "Extractions also appeal to the neat freaks and the fixers among us. It's purging bacteria, releasing tension, easing discomfort, then sweeping the whole gross business away like it never happened."
Hughes's point about the extraction lovers among us being junkies is spot on. If you're a picker or squeezer, your need to purge your body of what's within it can veer into obsession. It takes you over. Dr Frederick Toates, a professor of biological psychology at the Open University, wrote the actual book on obsessive-compulsive disorder. "It's a puzzle as to how someone happens upon [skin picking, ear-wax removal, whatever] in the first place," he says, "but once it's started, the evidence suggests this kind of aggressive action against the self triggers endorphins, and these act as rewards or reinforcers."
As for that sexualized element that Chitty spoke about—well, Toates says these acts are "tension-reducing in the way orgasm can be."
Watching worms of pus squiggle from widened pores, picking at an ingrown hair, or finding a secret stash of earwax down your ear canal provides not only a hormone rush but a feeling of self-affirmation. "It draws on the basic need that we all have to exert some control, to have some efficacy in the world," Toates says. "If we can't exert it on the outside world in a way that's acceptable and rewarding, then we compensate for it by doing weird things like self-mutilation, or even just twiddling our hair."
Someone going nuts on an ingrown hair. Image via Wikimedia Commons
Although squeezing ourselves, and watching other people being squeezed, can be almost orgasmic, there's often guilt associated with it too. Fans of videos like "Huge Cyst Extraction" (a mere 32 million of us) probably won't boast about their viewing preferences. Commenters type things like "EEEEWWWW," or "Why did I still click play >.<," but you get the feeling it's like a closeted bro googling "twink suck," then commenting "no homo" underneath the resulting video because he feels guilty for both seeking it out and getting off on it. This isn't the stuff you stumble upon by accident.
The guilt, the compulsion to watch, and the excitement of watching are all factors of both zit squeezing and watching zit squeezing. Research into gambling—another compulsive behavior, albeit one that's monetized a bit more effectively than pus farming—shows that the physical act of, say, pulling a plastic lever on a fruit machine, or rolling a die, draws gamblers into what's known as a compulsion loop.
As well as being fooled into thinking their piddling actions can have tangible outcomes, e.g., pulling a lever = money, the expectancy of an eventual outcome—heightened by its unpredictability—gives both gamblers and fans of zit popping a surge of dopamine. The outcome rarely fully satisfies them in the desired way, but gives them just enough pleasure to keep them going. It's the "high" that Hughes was talking about, which results in an evening lost to squeezing empty pores all over your face in the vain hope one tiny bump will produce a satisfactory squirt of white blood cells.
The compulsion-loop theory has been applied to internet users too. Judith Donath, an MIT media scholar, told Scientific American: "These rewards serve as jolts of energy that recharge the compulsion engine, much like the frisson a gambler receives when a new card hits the table. Cumulatively, the effect is potent and hard to resist."
Think of the last time you went on an 800-picture stalk through an acquaintance's photos, or a 20-minute swipe-through of Tinder. The thrill isn't in seeing what their hair looked like circa 2009, or their skin shedding tattoos with each 100 taps. It's because, with every click/tap/swipe, there's a new outcome.
The ongoing effects of this are damaging, though, and not just because of the embarrassment that comes with someone stumbling across your web history, or, in the case of zit squeezing, someone noticing the painful, semi-circular indents around a pimple that produced nothing but a pathetic, clear droplet. They're damaging because nothing's actually changing.
"These habits are all ways of getting feedback from an action when you've got no real reason to get out of bed in the morning," says Toates. Ouch. "These videos and these habits are feeding stress-triggered addictions, and they are going to be strengthened by not having any sort of meaningful activity in your life." OK, I get it, I need to take a long, hard look at myself. 
So, in essence, all these videos do—however much you (or I) love them—is square your uselessness. As exciting and high-giving as they are in the short term, they might also be the most compulsive viewing of all. Plus, they're just gross, right?

Are Zit-Squeezing Videos the New Porn? | VICE United States

Are Zit-Squeezing Videos the New Porn? | VICE United States:



By Sophie Wilkinson 
A still from one of Dr. Vikram Yadav's (a.k.a.. "The King of Blackheads") many extraction videos on YouTube
The devil makes work for idle thumbs. And fingernails, specially made wands, scalpels, scissors, or whatever appliance you deem fit for extricating excess gunk from your body.
We all do it. Whether it's a swift squeeze of the blackheads on the side of your nose, a wiry hair that's managed to loop back into itself in your bikini line, or a ready-to-burst whitehead, our bodies are endlessly purge-able. Now, though, such self-maintenance doesn't just happen in the comfort of our own bathroom mirrors. Instead, there are millions of us uploading these moments to YouTube for curious viewers to watch. One video, titled "Best Pimple Pop Ever," has more than 22 million views. That's a lot of pus junkies. 
And it's not just a stomping ground for amateurs (though entire families screaming while mom forces decades-old sebum out of dad's back are a site to behold). There's also a community of medical professionals turning the camera on their extractions. Dr. Vikram Yadav, whom any extraction connoisseur will already be on a first-name basis with, is a main offender. The dermatologist—affectionately known as "the King of Blackheads"—boasts 168 million views on his videos, which largely consist of extreme close-usp of blackhead extractions from the noses of old Indian men. His most popular, "Black & White Heads on Nose Part 3," has 18 million views. The man is a celebrity. 
Not all of these new YouTube celebs are pus lords like Dr. Yadav, though. There's also Nick Chitty, a kindly-looking, mustachioed audiologist based in Wiltshire, England. He inserts cameras into the ears of his patients, along with a "trusty Jobson-Horne"—otherwise known as an ear curette—to hack away at the plugs of wax attached to their aural canals. You might be retching reading this, but his 3.5 million views suggest many find earwax removal pretty fucking sexy. One and a half million of those are for his magnum opus, "Ear wax removal Unbelievable what comes out," where he used the tiny metal instrument to unwed an unholy lump of amber bedded in an old man's ear. Chitty isn't just doing it for himself any more, either—his army of fans demand regular updates. 
"I have to upload videos regularly—otherwise I get angry messages from people saying they want more," he says. "They tell me I'm not uploading fast enough."
If that sounds like the kind of behavior you'd expect from someone watching a live webcam show, their pants around their ankles, that's because it kind of is. "Sometimes the video requests get sexual," Chitty says solemnly. Some viewers' obsessions breach reasonable borders, though. He tells me about one who copied him and got the tip of a cotton bud stuck in her ear. What did she do? Drove two hours to get him to remove it, of course. 
Cotton buds: the things most of us use to sort our ears out. Image via Wikimedia Commons
We all love picking at ourselves. Our bodies are—despite our clever, complex brains that make us brilliant and capable—just bags of assorted viscera. Underneath our skin (or even on the skin itself), we are all disgusting. And you can bet the most prudish—the people who will be reading this saying, "This is absolutely foul"—are the ones who spend hours hunched over, drawing out stubborn ingrown pubic hairs as if their lives depended on it. We're monkeys. We love to groom. But why the hell do such huge swaths of the population love watching other people push junk out of their bodies? 
Writer Sali Hughes, who has just released Pretty Honest, a straight-talking book of relatable beauty situations, hasn't watched any of the videos but understands why people would. "Squeezing spots and blackheads is massively satisfying as both a participant and, if you're anything like me, a spectator. I'm not at all surprised people watch spot squeezing on YouTube, because decent extractions just don't happen often enough in real life to keep a junkie high—though I can recommend splinter extraction for a similar buzz," she says. "Extractions also appeal to the neat freaks and the fixers among us. It's purging bacteria, releasing tension, easing discomfort, then sweeping the whole gross business away like it never happened."
Hughes's point about the extraction lovers among us being junkies is spot on. If you're a picker or squeezer, your need to purge your body of what's within it can veer into obsession. It takes you over. Dr Frederick Toates, a professor of biological psychology at the Open University, wrote the actual book on obsessive-compulsive disorder. "It's a puzzle as to how someone happens upon [skin picking, ear-wax removal, whatever] in the first place," he says, "but once it's started, the evidence suggests this kind of aggressive action against the self triggers endorphins, and these act as rewards or reinforcers."
As for that sexualized element that Chitty spoke about—well, Toates says these acts are "tension-reducing in the way orgasm can be."
Watching worms of pus squiggle from widened pores, picking at an ingrown hair, or finding a secret stash of earwax down your ear canal provides not only a hormone rush but a feeling of self-affirmation. "It draws on the basic need that we all have to exert some control, to have some efficacy in the world," Toates says. "If we can't exert it on the outside world in a way that's acceptable and rewarding, then we compensate for it by doing weird things like self-mutilation, or even just twiddling our hair."
Someone going nuts on an ingrown hair. Image via Wikimedia Commons
Although squeezing ourselves, and watching other people being squeezed, can be almost orgasmic, there's often guilt associated with it too. Fans of videos like "Huge Cyst Extraction" (a mere 32 million of us) probably won't boast about their viewing preferences. Commenters type things like "EEEEWWWW," or "Why did I still click play >.<," but you get the feeling it's like a closeted bro googling "twink suck," then commenting "no homo" underneath the resulting video because he feels guilty for both seeking it out and getting off on it. This isn't the stuff you stumble upon by accident.
The guilt, the compulsion to watch, and the excitement of watching are all factors of both zit squeezing and watching zit squeezing. Research into gambling—another compulsive behavior, albeit one that's monetized a bit more effectively than pus farming—shows that the physical act of, say, pulling a plastic lever on a fruit machine, or rolling a die, draws gamblers into what's known as a compulsion loop.
As well as being fooled into thinking their piddling actions can have tangible outcomes, e.g., pulling a lever = money, the expectancy of an eventual outcome—heightened by its unpredictability—gives both gamblers and fans of zit popping a surge of dopamine. The outcome rarely fully satisfies them in the desired way, but gives them just enough pleasure to keep them going. It's the "high" that Hughes was talking about, which results in an evening lost to squeezing empty pores all over your face in the vain hope one tiny bump will produce a satisfactory squirt of white blood cells.
The compulsion-loop theory has been applied to internet users too. Judith Donath, an MIT media scholar, told Scientific American: "These rewards serve as jolts of energy that recharge the compulsion engine, much like the frisson a gambler receives when a new card hits the table. Cumulatively, the effect is potent and hard to resist."
Think of the last time you went on an 800-picture stalk through an acquaintance's photos, or a 20-minute swipe-through of Tinder. The thrill isn't in seeing what their hair looked like circa 2009, or their skin shedding tattoos with each 100 taps. It's because, with every click/tap/swipe, there's a new outcome.
The ongoing effects of this are damaging, though, and not just because of the embarrassment that comes with someone stumbling across your web history, or, in the case of zit squeezing, someone noticing the painful, semi-circular indents around a pimple that produced nothing but a pathetic, clear droplet. They're damaging because nothing's actually changing.
"These habits are all ways of getting feedback from an action when you've got no real reason to get out of bed in the morning," says Toates. Ouch. "These videos and these habits are feeding stress-triggered addictions, and they are going to be strengthened by not having any sort of meaningful activity in your life." OK, I get it, I need to take a long, hard look at myself. 
So, in essence, all these videos do—however much you (or I) love them—is square your uselessness. As exciting and high-giving as they are in the short term, they might also be the most compulsive viewing of all. Plus, they're just gross, right?

Thursday 2 October 2014

Power can make even honest people behave badly, study finds | Daily Mail Online

Power can make even honest people behave badly, study finds | Daily Mail Online

  • Scientists in Switzerland asked volunteers to play the 'dictator game'
  • In the game, people were given complete control over deciding pay
  • They had choice of awarding less to group but more to themselves
  • People rated as less honest at first exhibited more corrupt behaviour
  • But, over time, those who scored high on honesty also behaved badly
Historian Baron John Acton famously declared that 'power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.'

Now,
more than a century after Acton's accusation, scientists have shown
that even the most noble lose sight of their values when handed the
right to govern.


A
series of experiments found that once honest people had tasted power,
they couldn't resist rewarding themselves at the expense of others.